This illustration, like others on this theme, shows Confucius playing the qin in the open air under a tree. Today in the center front courtyard of the Temple of Confucius is a Pavilion of the Apricot Forum (or Gingko Forum).⁷ General guides do not give the age or history of this structure. They do say that Duke Ai of Lu, the year after the death of Confucius, built a temple in his honor in front of the place where he had taught. Since then that temple has been rebuilt a number of times.⁸

A collection of essays, in Yangchuntang Qinpu (1611), called Qin Chuang Zaji quotes a story in which Confucius recalls a famous minister of Lu named Zangwen Zhong,⁹ then is inspired to sing a song. The story's source is said to be another Ming collection called the Shantang Sikao,¹⁰

These are the lyrics found in Section 10 of the version in Xilutang Qintong. They also survive as Xing Tan Yin (Intonation on the Apricot or Gingko Forum) in least two later handbooks.¹¹ A fourth piece with this title, dated 1670, leaves out the words, saying that they were rather trivial, combining phrases from various other sources. The melody title Xing Tan Yin can be found in some Song dynasty melody lists, but tablature for the melody as found in Xilutang Qintong survives only here.

Zha Fuxi has written¹² that these lyrics are often found in Ming dynasty handbooks, and so people have drawn the false conclusion that they are very ancient. He goes on to say teachers should remind their students that these lyrics were actually created by the common people.

The preface to Xing Tan in Xilutang Qintong attributes the melody to Wang Tong (583-616),¹³ a famous classicist who during the Sui dynasty (589 - 618) proposed 12 "plans to secure tranquillity in the empire". When these were not accepted, he retired to He Fen, the area between the Fen and Yellow rivers, about 150 km. northeast of Chang An, there teaching thousands of students. After his death his disciples canonized him "Wen Zhongzi".

 
Original Preface¹⁴

Wen Zhongzi taught at He Fen, submerging his virtue where it was not broadcast. He described the ideas which Confucius had taught in the Apricot (or Gingko) Forum, putting them into a qin song.

 
Music
11 Sections, untitled¹⁵ (timings follow my recording)

00.00   1.
00.15   2.
00.33   3.
00.57   4.
01.11   5.
01.47   6. The sound of reading¹⁶
02.25   7.
02.37   8.
03.10   9.
03.35 10. (lyrics; see above)
03.58 11.
04.25       Closing harmonics
04.37       End

 
Footnotes (Shorthand references are explained on a separate page)

1. Xing Tan references
14820.46 杏壇 xingtan says it is the place where Confucius taught; in a broad sense, any place for teaching; nothing about music. A "tan" is an altar, forum or raised plot of land (ABC); "forum" appropriately suggests a meeting place for discussion. "Xing" is discussed in the next footnote.
(Return)

2. Xing Tan: Apricot Forum, Almond Forum, or Ginkgo Forum?
The tree or trees under which Confucius is said to have taught is simply called a "杏 xing". There are three main understandings of what this tree might have been. The following analysis suggests "apricot forum" to be the most reasonable translation.

1. Apricot tree (杏樹 xingshu); the fruit is 杏子 xingzi
   Xing by itself can refer either to the tree, the fruit, or its flowers; it can also refer to the almond. Wikipedia says the apricot "was first cultivated in China about 3000 BC. Apricot kernels are sometimes called "bitter almonds" or "apricot almonds".
2. Almond tree (specific Chinese name not clear; the almond itself is called 杏仁 xingren)
   4/774 says xingren is 杏核中之仁 the kernel (seed) inside a xinghe (xing nut). Wikipedia says the almond is originally from Iran. It is not clear when it was introduced into China, but this and its similarity to the apricot makes "apricot tree" a more likely choice for the tree associated with Confucius.
3. Ginkgo tree (銀杏樹 yinxing shu, "silver apricot tree", generally known in English by its Japanese name, also written gingko)
   The ginkgo has long been associated with Confucius, suggesting that Ginkgo Forum might well be the best translation for this melody; the medicinal uses of the ginkgo nut (銀杏核) also add to its appeal. However, 11/1277, which says alternate names are 白果樹 baiguo, 公孫樹 gongsun and 鴨腳樹 yanjiao trees, gives no references before the Song dynasty; and although 41252.44 has 本草 Ben Cao (14757.120), an ancient title as its earliest reference, the book's contents seem to have survived only in later editions: specifically, the refence to 銀杏 yinxing seems to date from the Song dynasty. The lack of earlier references thus suggests "apricot forum" to be the best translation. The association of Confucius with the ginkgo tree seems to be particularly strong in Japan and Korea. In Japanese 銀 can be pronounced "gin" and 杏 can be pronounced "kyo", but as yet I have not seen the spelling "ginkyo". Wikipedia calls "gingko" a misspelling, presumably because it leads to the pronunciation of the first syllable as "ging" instead of "gin"; Korean pronunciation is "unhaeng".
   (Return)

3. Standard tuning is usually considered as 5 6 1 2 3 5 6. For further information on shang mode see Shenpin Shang Yi and Modality in Early Ming Qin Tablature. (Return)

4. See illustrations (Return)

5. Zhuangzi, Chapter 31 漁父 The Fisherman begins with a story of a fisherman coming upon Confucius as he was teaching his students and playing the qin in the Xing Tan (Apricot or Gingko Forum). (Return)

6. On page 4. Reproduced in Qinqu Jicheng, vol. I, p.11. There are no lyrics. (Return)

7. Xing Tan Ge 杏壇閣 (Apricot [or Ginkgo] Forum Pavilion)
See the illustration. A "ge" is a chamber or pavilion. (Return)

8. 魯哀公 Duke Ai of Lu (Bio.2342) ruled for 27 years (494 - 467) (Return)

9. 魯將臧文仲 General Zangwen Zhong of Lu: 藏孫辰 Zangsun Chen (d. 617 BCE)
Zangsun Chen (commonly romanized Zang Sunchen, but 30755.30 and Bio/2455 say Zangsun is a double surname) is perhaps better known by his posthumous title, Zangwen Zhong (commonly romanized Zang Wenzhong, but 30755.2 says Zangwen was used as a surname by his descendents). A statesman of Lu, he is both praised and criticized in classical sources. The Zuo Zhuan has two passages, Duke Zhuang's 28th year and Duke Wen's 2nd year. The former says (Legge, V., p.115) "he belonged to a distinguished and loyal family in Loo;" the latter (ibid. pp.232 and 234) quotes Confucius as saying Zangwen Zhong lacked 仁 virtue in three ways and lacked 知 knowledge in three ways. The commentary explains that he 下展禽，廢六關，妾織蒲 demoted Zhen Qin, removed the six gates, and had his concubines weave rush mats; he 作虛器，縱逆祀，祀爰居 made vain structures, followed an improper order for sacrifices, and sacrificed to the yuanju [a strange bird]). The Analects reports Confucius saying, "Zangwen Zhong housed oracle tortoises in a hall where the column capitals were decorated with the shapes of mountains and the roof beams were decorated with images of water plants. What good was his knowledge?" 30755.30 lists references for him in Kongzi Jiayu, Lun Heng, Shuo Yuan and Yantie Lun (孔子家語﹕好生、顏回、本姓[命？]解；論衡﹕明雲[雩？]；說苑﹕權謀；鹽鐵論﹕周秦). I don't know how all this connects with the above lyrics. His mother's biography in Lienü Zhuan says 琴之合，甚思之。 (Return)

10. Shantang Sikao 山堂肆考
The Shantang Sikao (8043.514; 228 folios; no date) was compiled by 彭大翼 Peng Dayi of Yangzhou (Bio.2243; Ming 諸生 zhusheng; no dates). The same basic story is told in the text accompanying an illustration from the life of Confucius. The account as copied in 陽春堂琴譜，琴窗雜記，山堂肆考 in 琴曲集成 Qinqu Jicheng, Vol. VII, p.318, is as follows:

11. Zha Fuxi's index 19/181/371 has this title in handbooks dated 1549, 1585 (one section, same lyrics), 1618 (two versions; one is for one string qin but with the same lyrics; the other has two sections, each with the same lyrics but with the second adding 則索離愁 at the end), and 1670 (one section; similar melody but no lyrics). The lyrics are also found in the beginner's melody Xianweng Cao (Return)

12. In his Collected Writings, p.209 (Return)

13. More details on 王通 Wang Tong (文中子 Wen Zhongzi) can be found in his Qin Shi biography, #112. (Return)

14. 西麓堂琴統 (1549)，杏壇﹕後序﹕

15.   西麓堂琴統 (1549)，杏壇﹕十一段 （聽我的錄音）

16. 讀書聲 Du shu sheng: compare Meihua Sannong, Section 4 and see footnote. (Return)

 
Return to the annotated handbook list or to the Guqin ToC.