Guqin Handbooks

Before the modern introduction of qin tablature paired with number notation and/or staff notation (see sample),¹ qin melodies were written using only tablature.² This tablature, unique to the qin, is called "qinpu".³ It is a distinctive type of shorthand tablature that does not indicate notes, but rather describes in great detail how to play melodies. A number of melodies in this shorthand tablature would then be collected into qin handbooks, also called qinpu. These handbooks usually consist of one or sections, called "juan"; thus, for example, the handbook shown at right can be seen to have three such juan. On this website I translate juan as "folio", though this is not standard.⁴

The handbook list here lists over 150 such qin handbooks from before 1950. Of these 140 were copied into Qinqu Jicheng, but several of the remainder are also quite readily available.⁵ A few of the handbooks here have only instructive articles, but most have qin melodies written out in tablature. Altogether this amounts to about 650 melody titles.⁶

On this website, commentary on individual melodies is linked either through the earliest handbook which includes it, through the Guide to existing guqin pieces in tablature, or alphabetically via my repertoire lise. For many there is detailed commentary, though this is mostly limited to melodies I have personally reconstructed.

The annotated handbook list has commentary on individual handbooks and links to further commentary on most of the handbooks first published before the end of the Ming dynasty in 1644. In all I have reconstructed and recorded approximately 300 melodies from these and a few later handbooks. These sources include the following (with links showing the number of melodies I have reconstructed from that handbook):⁷

#1. You Lan (1 melody (the only one); 7th c. CE)
#2. Gu Yuan (1 (also the only one); 12th c. CE)
#3. Shilin Guangji (Golden Oriole and 5 modal preludes; 12th c. CE)
#4-6. Taiyin Daquanji / Taigu Yiyin (all 5; orig. Song dynasty)
#7. Shen Qi Mi Pu (all 64; 1425)
#8. Wusheng Qinpu (all 5; 1457)
#9. Zheyin Shizi Qinpu (13 (all of the ones not identical to those in 1425); <1491)
#10-11. Taigu Yiyin of Xie Lin (31; 1511 [excludes 2 from Huang Shida]; for the other 5 not recorded I have done earlier versions); not related to #4-6
#12. Xilutang Qintong (81 of the 109 earliest here [170 melodies in all]; 1525 [for a long time its date was erroneously given as 1549])
#13. Faming Qinpu (4 [for the other 20 I have done earlier versions]; 1530)
#14. Fengxuan Xuanpin (16 [for the other 85 I have done earlier versions]; 1539)
#20. Taiyin Xupu (1; 1559)
#23. Wuyin Qinpu (2; 1579)
#24. Chongxiu Zhenchuan Qinpu (10 = 8; 1585)
#25. Yuwu Qinpu (1; 1589)
#26. Qinshu Daquan (1; 1590)
#27. Sanjiao Tongsheng (4; 1592)
#29. Luqi Xinsheng (3; 1597)
#32. Zhenchuan Zhengzong Qinpu (8; 1589 and 1609)
#36. Songxianguan Qinpu (3; 1614)
#37. Li Xing Yuan Yua (3; 1618)
#38. Sizhaitang Qinpu (1; details; 1620)
#40. Taiyin Xisheng (1; details; 1625)
#41. Guyin Zhengzong (3; 1634)
#50. Qinxue Xinsheng Xiepu (3; 1664)

#53, etc. Japan (23; 1676?)
#50, etc. Others (7; 1682 and later)

Footnotes (Shorthand references are explained on a separate page)

1. Staff notation and number notation
Staff and number notation indicate notes, not finger positions. Notation is generally thought to indicate absolute pitch: A = 440 Hz. As discussed in a separate comment on absolute pitch, this may be true today, but in the past the actual pitch of A varied considerably. In Chinese number notation today it is often considered that "1" has the same pitch as the modern "C". By tradition, though, "1" was relative pitch, comparable to the Western "do". For standard qin tuning either the first or the third string can be considered as do" ("gong" or "1"). So the absolute pitch of 1 depends on the mode of the melody as well as the relative pitch to which the strings have been tuned. In my own transcriptions into staff notation I treat C not as an absolute pitch but as a relative pitch, i.e., do/gong.
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2. Tablature (also called "tablature notation")
As opposed to notation, tablature describes things such as finger positions and stroke techniques. Perhaps the best known examples of tablature are the bar chord indications for a guitar.
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3. Qin tablature and qin handbooks (Qinpu) 琴譜
The text above describes how the word "qinpu" can refer both to the concept of written tablature for the qin and to books that collect this written tablature. When I studied the qin with Sun Yuqin and 蔡德允 Cai Deyun (ROI CDs) they both would give me the qinpu for the one piece I was studying at the time; it could come from any of a number of handbooks, it could have been copied out by one of their students, or it could have been copied out by themselves. Students of Cai Deyun eventually collected the tablature for pieces she taught and published them as the Yinyinshi Qin Handbook. Many past handbooks were probably formed in this way.
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4. 卷 Juan: "Folio"? A juan bound accordion style: one "folio"?
The image at right is another view of the book in three "juan" shown at top. It shows a bit more of the traditional Chinese manner of making such "juan". "Juan" originally means a "roll" and its use in connection with books presumably comes from the fact that the earliest Chinese written documents came to be written out on long sheets (scrolls) of paper. Later books were made by taking these long scrolls, with printing only on one side, folding them accordion style, then using string to hold this in place. Note that each "page" is actually two sides of one such fold. A titled book then usually consisted of one, several or many of these juan. There does not seem to be a standard term for translating such "juan" into English: Kroll has "division of text, fascicle, chapter, originally a single scroll", but elsewhere it may be translated as "section", "chapter", and so forth.

With traditional Western binding a folio (Wiki) referred to a sheet of parchment (later paper) that had several pages printed on it. As stated in the Wikipedia article,

First, a folio (abbreviated fo or 2o) is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper, on each of which four pages of text are printed, two on each side; each sheet is then folded once to produce two leaves.

Although there is some overlap here with the Chinese process, folio is not a very precise translation of juan and perhaps it would be better just to write "juan".
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5. Handbooks claimed to date before 1950 but not in this annotated list or these handbooks not indexed
These are included in this list. A cutoff point of 1950 was selected because the modern accounting of old tablature dates back mainly to the research project led by Zha Fuxi in the mid-1950s. Since that time handbooks have continued to be published, both in modern form (e.g., with notation as well as tablature) and in traditional form (no notation but perhaps modern binding).
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6. Beyond 150 qin handbooks and 650 melody titles
It is very difficult to know how much of the past repertoire the known surviving handbooks include. The list in Qinshu Cunmu adds more book titles; and Zha's Guide, Section 4, mentions but does not index at least 35 additional handbooks, mainly because they were handcopies that, by his account, repeated tablature that could be found in other handbooks. Some of the individually hand-copied tablature certainly included unique melodies and/or unique versions of melodies. It is natural that hand-copied tablature would be lost, but according to Tang Yiming, the compiler of Tianwen'ge Qinpu (Folio 1), many printed handbooks quite likely are also lost. His comments are translated by Van Gulik in Lore, pp. 30-31.

The so-called handbooks of the qin are not very much sought after by bibliophiles: they content themselves with just collecting a few items, so as to have also this sort of book represented on their shelves. As bookshops cannot sell them at a high price, they do not value them much; as moreover these books were very rarely reprinted, they were easily lost. During eighteen years I was able to collect only 41 specimens, which were bought by me or presented to me by my friends.

To this Van Gulik adds,

"(G)enerally qinpu were published in very limited editions, printed from badly cut wood blocks, and on inferior paper. The reason for this state of affairs is that they were usually published by qin teachers, for the use of their pupils. So the printing and editing were done as cheaply as possible, and only a small number of copies were made. An exception is formed by those qinpu that were published by scholars of name and high official standing, who could afford to have a handbook published without regard to the cost."

In addition, if the old guqin melody lists are any indication, the number of melodies lost far exceeds the number that has survived.
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7. Links to recordings)
Reconstructions are not considered complete unless I have made recordings and transcriptions. Even then they should be considered tentative. Here, the first number in brackets is the number of melodies I have recorded from that handbook, with a link to the recording or list of the recordings. Other than those melodies as published during the Ming dynasty (or in Japan shortly after the end of the Ming) I have recorded only a few more. These include:

There are also recordings of some of my own creations, such as these.
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Go to the handbook list, or return to the Guqin ToC