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Yelü Chucai
- Qin Shi Xu #30; see also Xu Jian, Qinshi Chubian, Chapter 6a4 and Rao Zongyi, Section 3
耶律楚材 1
琴史續 #30 2

Yelü Chucai (1190 - 1244) was a Khitan, a descendent of its royal house, the 遼 Liao, whose empire was centered in northeast China from 907 - 1125); after this his ancestors had served in the Jin government. Yelü Chucai himself was their governor of Beijing when it was taken over by the Yuan in 1214. After this he accompanied Genghis Khan (1162 - 1227) on some of his campaigns in Central Asia. He later became an administrator for Genghis' successor, Ogotai (1185 - 1241), in which capacity he is said always to have been benevolent.

Yelü Chucai is perhaps the most famous early non-Han qin player. The biography here also mentions several other qin players who were his contemporaries: his teachers Mi Dayong,4 Miao Xiushi,5 and Wansong Laoren (Old Master of 10,000 Pines6); and the student Zhang Zhiwen7.

As for his teacher Mi Dayong, Yelü Chucai wrote a poem about studying with him. The short title of the poem is On a Cold Evening Playing the Qin, and its preface is discussed in Rao, Section 3.8

Yelü Chucai later advocated a simple style of qin play. This is perhaps summed up best in a set of two poems he wrote, Loving the qin playing techniques of Qiyan (a nickname of Miao Xiushi). These have been translated as follows by R. H. Van Gulik in his Lore of the Chinese Lute.9

I firmly believe that rarefied tones constitute the real great music,
Frequent use of vibrato ritardando confuses the melody, frequent use of other vibrato leads to a lax style.
People of the present day do not understand the meaning of Master Qiyan's music,
They only love the fashionable style, and play the qin so as to produce a rude noise.

Frequent application of vibrato grates upon the ears of the listener,
This style is aimed only at captivating the common fancy.
The pure tones are simple - but who can appreciate them?
People only say that Qiyan does not use the wooden sounds.10

Van Gulik goes on to say that "Yelü Chucai in his later years adopted Qiyan's classical style, and abandoned the technique taught by his earlier masters (Mi Dayong and the Old Master of 10,000 Pines).11

Yelü Chucai also wrote a poem about Guangling San that includes a description of it being played by one Zhang Qizhi.12

This poem might have been part of a collection of poems. For this see Rao Zongyi's discussion of Preface to a Poem about Playing Guangling San and Playing Guangling San All Day and Writing 50 Poems, both apparently a part of Zhanran Jushi Ji.13

The original Qinshi Xu biography begins as follows.

Yelü Chucai, style name 晉卿 Jinqing, nickname 湛然居士 Zhanran Jushi (Retired Scholar in Tranquility), was 遼東丹王 Prince Dan of Liaodong....

More to be added.

Yelü Chucai's son, 左丞相耶律鑄 Vice Premier Yelü Zhu,14 (1221 - 1285) was also a poet. Qinshu Daquan includes several poems by him about qin. See

Folio 19A, #54
Folio 19B, #156
Folio 20A, #76 and #77

 
Footnotes (Shorthand references are explained on a separate page)

1. Yelü Chucai 耶律楚材
Yelü Chucai 29648.116 元,契丹人,履子,字晉卿,號湛然居士,又號玉泉老人.... was Khitan, during Yuan dynasty, son of Lü style name Jinqing, nicknames Zhanran Jushi and Yuquan Laoren. He rose to be Grand Councilor (丞相 Chengxiang; Hucker: in Yuan, active head of the Secretariat under an honorific Director [ling]).
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2. 18 lines. Qin Shi Xu sources for Yelü Chucai are listed as:

  1. 元史 History of the Yuan Dynasty
  2. 湛然居士集 Zhanran Jushi Ji (Collected Writings of the Tranquil Retiree [Yelü Chucai])
  3. 淥水亭雜識 Lushui Ting Zazhi (Miscellaneous Records of the Green Water Pavilion [18106.3xxx])
  4. Chunhu Manlu

Most important is Yelü Chucai's own 湛然居士集,十四卷 Zhanran Jushi Ji, 14 Folios. 18213.37 says it consists mostly of verse, which is quite distinctive (ref: Siku Tiyao, ji, bie ji lei).
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3. No image yet available.
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4. 弭大用 Mi Dayong
9988.xxx but see Van Gulik, where he is called Mi-Ta (pp. 76, 78, 83); it says there he played Zhejiang style, and that Yelü Chucai later abandoned this style for the Sichuan style of Qi Yan [Miao Xiushi - reference given is Zhanranjushi Wenji.
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5. 苗蘭 Miao Lan (Miao Xiushi)
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6. 萬松老人 Wansong Laoren (Old Master of 10,000 Pines)
25455.262 has nickname only for 楊彝 Yang Yi (late 14th c., so not him).
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7. 張之聞 Zhang Zhiwen
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8. On a Cold Evening Playing the Qin (冬夜彈琴 Dongye Tan Qin)
The full title is 冬夜彈琴頗有所得亂道拙語三十韻以遺猶子蘭 The Great Amount Learned while Playing the Qin on a Cold Evening; 30 miscellaneous musings for [Miao] Lan. It has a preface, as follows (the first and third lines have been translated),

余幼年刻意於琴,初受指於弭大用。其閒雅平澹,自成一家。
余愛棲巖如蜀聲之峻急,快人耳目,每恨不得對指傳聲。間關二十年,予奏之,索於汴梁,得焉。 中道而卒。
其子蘭之琴事,深得棲巖之遺意。甲午之冬,余扈從羽獵,以足疾得告。 凡六十日,對彈操弄五十餘曲,棲巖妙旨,於是盡得之。
因作是詩以紀其事云。

The poem itself then has 30 couplets, as follows (couplets 17-20 are translated):

湛然有琴癖,不好凡絲竹。兒時已存心,壯年學愈篤。
倉忙兵火際,遺譜不及錄。回首二十秋,絲桐高閣束。
棲巖有後人,萬里來相逐。能繼箕裘業,待予為季叔。
今冬六十日,對彈五十曲。五旬記新聲,十朝溫已熟。
高山壯意氣,秋水清心目。《陽春》撼瓊玖,《白雪》碎瑤玉。
洛浦太含悲,楚妃歎如哭。離騷泣鬼神,止息振林木。
秋思盡雅興,三樂歌清福。自餘不暇數,渴心今已沃。
昔我師弭君,平澹聲不促。如奏清廟樂,威儀自穆穆。
今觀棲巖意,節奏變神速。雖繁而不亂,欲斷還能續。
吟猱從簡易,輕重分起伏。一聞棲巖聲,不覺傾心服。
彼此成一家,春蘭與秋菊。我今會為一,滄海涵百谷。
稍疾意不急,似遲聲不跼。二子終身學,今日皆歸僕。
我本嗜疏懶,富貴如桎梏。幸遇萬松師,一悟消三毒。
早晚掛冠去,閭山結茅屋。蔬筍粗充庖,糲飯炊脫粟。
有我春雷子,豈憚食無肉。旦夕飽純音,便是平生足。

The preface and the preface plus poem are discussed in Rao, Section 3.
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9. Loving the qin playing techniques of Qiyan 愛棲巖彈琴聲法
These two poems by Yelü Chucai are in his 湛然居士文集 his Collected Works of Zhanran Jushi. Van Gulik's translation is in Lore, page 78, footnote 171 (transliteration here changed to pinyin). The original poems are,

須信希聲是大音,猱多則亂吟多淫。
世人不識棲巖意,祗愛時宜熱鬧琴。

多著吟猱熱客耳,強生取與媚俗情。
純音簡易誰能識,即道棲巖無木聲。

My translation is under Rao, Section 3
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10. Van Gulik's footnote, p.76, explains: "'Wooden sounds' refers to the vibrato and other graces, produced by rubbing the string on the surface of the soundbox...."
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11. Van Gulik calls them 弭大 Mita and 萬松 Wansong. His reference is Zhanran Jushi Wenji, Chapter 12, p. 2.
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12. 張器之 Zhang Qizhi (13th c. CE)
10026.xxx; no further information, except that this was during 1201-1208, and Yelü Chucai's poem identifies Zhang as a Daizhao: Qin Daizhao? See also Rao Zongyi, "Historical Account", p.87.
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13. Preface to a Poem about Playing Guangling San (彈廣陵散詩序 Tan Guangling San Shi Xu)
Quoted in Rao Zongyi, Section 3. Van Gulik's footnote, p.76, says, "Yelü Chucai was especially interested in the melody Guangling San...."
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14. 耶律鑄 Yelü Zhu (1221 - 1285)
29648.166; Bio/1409. Rao Zongyi discusses a Yelü Shu ( 耶律璹 29648.xxx; Bio/xxx); this is apparently the same person.
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