|
T of C
Home |
My Work |
Hand- books |
Qin as Object |
Qin in Art |
Poetry / Song |
Hear Qin |
Play Qin |
Analysis | History |
Ideo- logy |
Miscel- lanea |
More Info |
Personal | email me search me |
| SJTS / Daoist music for qin | See transcription 看五線譜 / Hear recording 聽錄音 |
|
Canon of Purity and Tranquility
- Yize mode: 3 5 6 1 2 3 5 2 |
清靜經 1
Qingjing Jing As inscribed at Hua Shan (fuller version) 3 |
This qin melody is found only in the Accompanying Sounds for the Three Religions (Sanjiao Tongsheng, 1592),4 a qin handbook with a melody from each of China's great religions (or ways of thought),
Buddhism,
Confucianism, and
Daoism. Although the texts for these are all well known, scholars have not been able to determine the sources of any of the music. Did the compiler, Zhang Dexin, copy or edit pre-existing tablature? Did he write out tablature based on chants he had heard? Did he compose any of them himself? All that can be said at present is that, whereas the Buddhist entry is clearly a chant, musically different from any other surviving qin melodies,5 the Daoist and Confucian entries are closer to the qin idiom at the time.
The music of this qin setting, which perhaps more suggests a hymn than a chant, also seems to be musically and stylistically unrelated to any of the music commonly used today for chanting the Qingjing Jing.6 Such chanting is said to be particularly common in the Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) school of Daoism.7 Quanzhen, which has a strong monastic tradition, rose to prominence during the northern Song dynasty; this text became an important part of their prayer services at that time.8 As mentioned in the footnote accompanying the image at right, there have also been numerous fine art renderings, ink as well as inscription.
The text of Qingjing Jing was apparently first written down around the 9th century CE.9 It heavily quotes and paraphrases the Dao De Jing (sometimes called the Book of Laozi), which is the great philosophical text of Daoism.10 Other parts of the Qingjing Jing text also have strong Buddhist influence, for example, the emphasis on tranquility of mind and freedom from desire.11 Qingjing Jing might thus be seen as a meeting between so-called philosophical and religious Daoism.12
Directly below the title in the Sanjiao Tongsheng setting the tuning is given, after which is the statement "Six sections".13 The text/lyrics are placed alongside the tablature, paired according to the common method of one character for each right hand stroke (and some left hand strokes). The first and fifth sections begin with the words "Lao jun yue" (Laozi says). Thus, the Qingjing Jing is sometimes attributed to Laozi himself.
It should be noted that the back of the surviving copy of Sanjiao Tongsheng is damaged and the end is missing. As a result the music for two or three phrases (eight characters) near the end of section 5 and for the final four phrases (16 characters) of section 6 are missing or illegible. In my transcription I have supplied tablature (indicated by circles) for those two passages based on the surrounding idiom.14
Original Preface
None
Music of Qingjing Jing
translation by
Livia Kohn;15
A largely syllabic setting of the text;16
the music and/or text is missing for the phrases in square parentheses
The Great Tao has no name;
It raises and nourishes the myriad beings.
I do not know its name -
So I call it Tao.
The Tao can be pure or turbid, moving or tranquil.
Heaven is pure, earth is turbid;
Heaven is moving, earth is tranquil.
(The male is pure, the female is turbid;)
The male is moving, the female is tranquil.
Descending from the origin,
Flowing toward the end,
The myriad beings are being born.
Purity - the source of turbidity,
Movement - the root of tranquility.
Always be pure and tranquil;
Heaven and earth
Return to the primordial.
2.
The human spirit is fond of purity,
But the mind disturbs it.
The human mind is fond of tranquility,
But desires meddle with it.
Get rid of desires for good,
And the mind will be calm.
Cleanse your mind,
And the spirit will be pure.
Naturally the six desires won't arise,
The three poisons are destroyed.
Whoever cannot do this
Has not yet cleansed his mind,
His desires are not yet driven out.
Those who have abandoned their desire:
Observe your mind by introspection -
And see there is no mind.
Then observe the body,
Look at yourself from without -
And see there is no body.
Then observe others by glancing out afar -
And see there are no beings.
Once you have realized these three,
Your observe emptiness!
3.
Use emptiness to observe emptiness,
And see there is no emptiness.
When even emptiness is no more,
There is no more nonbeing either.
Without even the existence of nonbeing
There is only serenity,
Profound and everlasting.
When serenity dissolves in nothingness -
How could there be desires?
When no desires arise
You have found true tranquility.
In true tranquility, go along with beings;
In true permanence, realize inner nature.
Forever going along, forever tranquil-
This is permanent purity, lasting tranquility.
4.
In Purity and tranquility,
Gradually enter the true Tao.
when the true Tao is entered,
It is realized.
Though we speak of "realized,"
Actually there is nothing to attain.
Rather, we speak of realization
When someone begins to transform the myriad beings.
Only who has properly understood this
Is worthy to transmit the sages' Tao.
5. (Laozi says:)
The highest gentleman does not fight;
The lesser gentleman loves to fight.
Highest Virtue is free from Virtue;
Lesser Virtue clings to Virtue.
All clinging and attachments
Have nothing to do with the Tao or the Virtue.
People fail to realize the Tao
Because they have deviant minds.
Deviance in the mind
Means the spirit is alarmed.
Spirit alarmed,
There is clinging to things.
Clinging to things,
[There is searching and coveting.
Searching and coveting,
There are passions and afflictions.]
Passions, afflictions, deviance, and imaginings
Trouble and pester body and mind.
6.
Then one falls into turbidity and shame,
Ups and downs, life and death.
Forever immersed in the sea of misery,
One is in eternity lost to the true Tao.
[The Tao of true permanence
Will naturally come to those who understand.
Those who understand the realization of the Dao
Will rest forever in the pure and tranquil.]
Footnotes (Shorthand references are explained on a
separate page)
1.
References
18003.683 qingjing quotes many ancient sources but does not mention the Qingjing Jing. An alternate translation is Canon of Purity and Stillness. Another title is apparently 常清靜經 Chang Qingjing Jing (9138.162 has only 常清 chang qing), translated as Daoist Scripture of Constant Purity and Tranquility.
(Return)
2.
夷則調 Yize Diao
From standard tuning lower the 1st, 3rd and 6th strings; there is an
夷則意 Yize Modal Prelude in Xilutang Qintong. Tuning is the same as for
Man Gong Diao (see
Huo Lin) and
Nanlü Yi.
(Return)
3.
Fine art renderings of Qingjing Jing
The image above (longer excerpt below) is from a photo I made of an inscription carved into a rock at the 玉泉廟 Yuquan Temple at the base of 華山 Hua Shan.
The Freer Gallery of the Smithsonian has a copy of this text in calligraphy by Zhao Mengfu. There is important commentary with the online image on their site, but the
image itself shows a colophon by a prominent Mongol artist with the Chinese name 康里夒夒 Kangli Naonao (d.1354). The image at right is from an amateur photo that was once on the website of the World Art Kiosk; it claims to show the Zhao Mengfu calligraphy of the original text, but it is too small to read.
(Return)
4.
Tablature for Qingjing Jing
三教同聲 Sanjiao Tongsheng was reprinted in Vol.6 of 琴曲集成 Qinqu Jicheng; Qingjing Jing begins on page 113.
(Return)
5.
The other Ming dynasty qin melodies that perhaps most closely resemble chants are the versions of the various melodies of homage to Yan Hui.
(Return)
6.
Music for active chants of Qingjing Jing
As yet I have not been able to find out the source of the music for any of the chanted versions of Qingjing Jing that I have heard (other than my own), nor have I yet heard anything that sounds like the 誦經 songjing mentioned below. Here are some examples of what seems to be available.
However, the CD is not subdivided by tracks and I cannot make out the words they are chanting, so cannot confirm Qingjing Jing is actually on it.
(Return)
7.
Quan Zhen School
See in Wikipedia. A Quanzhen website, Introduction to Quanzhen Daoism, makes greater claims for the antiquity of this text.
(Return)
8.
Modern usage of Qingjing Jing
Qingjing Jing is apparently the first of the Daoist morning canons (see Kim). The account in Wikipedia says that modern Quanzhen Daoists consider the Qingjing jing a central scripture and regularly chant it in songjing 誦經 "reciting scriptural passages; ritual recitation". Regarding the music for this chant, see my comments above.
(Return)
9.
Origin of the text of Qingjing Jing
This is discussed in some detail in a
Wikipedia entry. The entry, which translates Qingjing Jing as "Scripture of Clarity and Quiescence", begins (as of 2009) by describing it as,
"...an anonymous 9th century CE Daoist classic that combines philosophical themes from the Daode jing with Chinese Buddhist meditative practices from the Heart Sutra. It emphasizes using Daoist guan 觀 'observation; insight meditation' to cultivate spiritual qing 清 'clarity; purity' and jing 靜 'tranquility; quiescence; stillness'."
A more traditional account of the source is related together with the online image mentioned above at The Freer Gallery. Here it says Laozi originally
"dictated this teaching to the goddess Queen Mother of the West (西王母). His words were then transmitted orally through generations of Daoist adepts until the text was written down by a believer named Ge Xuan (葛玄 164–244 C.E.) and later became part of the official Daoist canon."
The Queen Mother of the West [Xiwang Mu] is said to have had a daughter who played a
one-string qin.
(Return)
10.
Daoism and the Dao De Jing
At the time of Confucius there were numerous contending schools of thought. That of Confucius emphasized bringing order to society by following certain moral principles; another school, suggesting any true principles could not be put into words, emphasized what might be called detachment and non-action. The Dao De Jing seems to be a collection of sayings of this latter school. Much of it was written in verse.
Tradition attributes the Dao De Jing to
Laozi ("Old Master"), a contemporary of Confucius. There is a story that as Laozi was leaving the world (by entering the mountains southwest of what is today Xi'an) he met Yin Xi, Keeper of the Pass, who persuaded him to write it down. D. C. Lau, Tao Te Ching, A Bilingual Translation, The Chinese University Press, 2001, p. ix, says the original title of the book was "Laozi", while the title "Dao De Jing" dates only from the 2nd C. CE. However, there being no historical records for someone named "Laozi", it has been suggested that Daoism grew out of the philosophy of 楊朱 Yang Zhu, which emphasized extreme individualism. See D.C. Lau (trans.), Tao Te Ching, HK, Chinese University Press, 1982, p.xiv.
(Return)
11.
See the account in Wikipedia.
(Return)
12.
Although Daoism is commonly divided into religious Daoism and philosophical Daoism, and Buddhist influence is sometimes said to be an indicator of religious Daoism, this distinction is not always clear, nor is it always accepted.
(Return)
13.
In most printed versions the text of Qingjing Jing is not divided into sections.
(Return)
14.
Individual errors and omissions throughout the text are also circled.
(Return)
15.
The translation, included here with permission, is published in Livia Kohn, The Taoist Experience: An Anthology. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1993, pp.24-29.
(Return)
16. The complete Chinese text is also published (with some minor differences) in 太上全貞早談功德經 Taishang Quanzhen zao tan gongde jing, Beijing, Zhongguo Dajiao Xiehui, 1983, pp.24-27. According to François Picard the text there is prefaced by 太上老君說「常清靜經」 Taishang Laojun shuo, "Chang Qingjing Jing" (The great master Laozi spoke, the permanent canon of purity and tranquility]), intended to be sung in declamatory style before the text is recited. Music for this title can be found in Wudang Shan Daojiao Yinyue (武當山道教音樂; Daoist Music of Mount Wudang, a mountain in northwest Hubei province with many Daoist monasteries and fame as a martial arts center). That music is unrelated to the music here.
The original text as found here in Sanjiao Tongsheng is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Here is the beginning of the text, as found in the 玉泉院 Yuquan Temple, dedicated to Chen Tuan at 華山 Hua Shan (comment).
老君曰 ﹕
大道無形,生育天地。
大道無情,運行日月。
大道無名,長養萬物。
吾不知其名,強名曰道。
夫道者 ﹕
有清有濁,有動有靜。
天清地濁,天動地靜。
男清女濁,男動女靜。
降本流末,而生萬物。
清者濁之源,靜者動之基。
人能常清靜,天地悉皆歸。
夫人神好清,而情撓之。
人心好靜,而慾牽之。
常能遣其慾,而心自靜。
澄其心,而神自清。
自然六慾不生,三毒消滅。
所以不能者,為心未澄者,
慾未遣也。
能遣之者﹕
內觀於心,心無其心;
外觀於形,形無其形;
遠觀於物,物無其物。
三者既悟,唯見於空。
觀空以空,空無所空。
所空既無,無無亦無。
無無既無,湛然常寂。
寂無所寂,慾豈能生。
慾既不生,即是真靜。
真靜應物,真常得性。
常應常靜﹕常清靜矣。
如此清靜,漸入真道。
既入真道,名為得道。
雖名得道,實無所得。
為化眾生,名為得道。
能悟之者,可傳聖道。
老君曰﹕
上士無爭,下士好爭。
上德不德,下德執德。
執著之者,不名道德。
眾生所以不得真道者,
為見妄心。
既見妄心,即矜其身。
既矜其身,即著萬物。
既著萬物,即生貪求。
既生貪求,即是煩惱。
煩惱妄想憂苦身心。
便遭濁辱,流浪生死。
常沉苦海,永失真道。
真常之道,悟者自得。
得悟道者,常清靜矣。
(Return)
Return to the top or to the Guqin ToC.