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Volume XII of Qinqu Jicheng includes three Japanese handbooks.1 The first, Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu, is thought to be the oldest. The latter two, called Toko Kinpu (or Toko Kimpu), were appended as typical variants on the first. There is commentary on the handbooks by Zha Fuxi.2 These handbooks are the only qin handbooks known to have been re-published in China.
The three handbooks are as follows:
Van Gulik3 says these are Japanese copies of pieces Shin-etsu (Toko Zenji) taught beginners; Zha Fuxi mentions numerous editions. The earliest (1709) was not available for QQJC, so Zha Fuxi took two of the many later editions and appended them to Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu:
15 melodies, all with lyrics
35 melodies, all with lyrics
As for the melodies in these three handbooks, only four of the 38 in Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu also survive in handbooks published in China (Tiaoxian Runong, Gui Qu Lai Ci, Xiang Si Qu and Gao Shan; see details). And of the further 48 in the two Toko Kinpu, there seem to be eight not in Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu, but of these only two are related to melodies in Chinese handbooks (Yu Qiao Wenda and Yangguan Sandie); for the other six no such connection has yet been found.4
Besides the above two Toko Kinpu, there were a quite a few other Japanese handbooks related to Shin-Etsu's original, most also called Toko Kinpu. Among these Japanese handbooks there were many differences. The earliest of them seem to have been three books in the collection of 德川元子 (Tokugawa Motoko) in Tokyo, but those books had not been copied, so they were not available to Zha Fuxi for examination. He describes them as follows:
Although Zha Fuxi was not able to see those volumes, there were at least seven Japanese handbooks that he was able to examine. He listed them as follows,
QQJC includes the fifth and sixth of these. They were apparently copied by 田邊尚雄 Tanabe Hisao (1883 - 1984).
Appendix I
和文注音琴譜 (< 1676)
Hewen Zhu(yin) Qinpu (Wabun Chuyin Kinpu [?])
The volume used for QQJC, now in the Shanghai Library, was brought from Japan around 1900 by Zhou Qingyun. It is a hand copy said at one time to have been in 桂川家藏 the collection of the Katsuragawa family.5 In
QSCM (#321) Zhou Qingyun writes that 每譜前有桂川家藏印記 in front of each melody was the Katsuragawa family seal. The copy in QQJC has the seal marks only in front of a few of these.6 This brings up the question of whether Zhou may have made his own copy, or had someone make a copy, from the original.
Zha Fuxi in his preface ascribes the date of this collection to "before 1676". He also says that it was compiled by the monk Toko Etsu. This must be based on a belief that the melodies were brought to Japan by the Buddhist monk Jiang Xingchou when he arrived there from Hangzhou in 1676; in Japan he was known as Toko Etsu (also other names).
However, as the QQJC preface itself points out, in this handbook most of the melodies have indications that either Shin-Etsu himself or one of his students revised them.7 In addition, the handbook itself labels two of the melodies (#34 and #35) as 扶桑操 Fusang Cao, Japanese melodies (Fusang was an old name for Japan).8
There is, nevertheless, evidence to suggest that most of these melodies were at that time actively played in China. Although very few of them can be found in handbooks published in China, before he arrived in Japan and became Shin-Etsu, Jiang Xingchou was active as a qin player in both Nanjing and Hangzhou. Nanjing was a center of the so-called Jiang School, which emphasized qin melodies with lyrics.
It should be mentioned that the handbooks in Japan are unusual in their heavy use of cipai (ci lyrics in ci structures; for more on this see Cipai and Qin Melodies). One would think that once one had devised a melody for lyrics that fit a cipai, one would then apply other lyrics to the same melody. However, there is no evidence that this was done. Instead, as with
#22 and #23 there seems to be a tendency to make new melodies for the existing lyrics. Other melodies in Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu that have the names of cipai include #3, #4, #14, #15, #17, #18, #26, #27 and #30. Sometimes a melody may have the name of a cipai but the lyrics do not follow its structure.
So far I have found the following connections between the melodies published in Japan and melodies surviving in handbooks produced in China.
See also Yu Qiao Wenda and Yangguan Sandie under the Toko Kinpu.
Appendix II
明和本東皋琴譜 Minghe Ben Donggao Qinpu (Meiwa Toko Kinpu, 1772)
This edition was compiled in the 9th year of Meiwa, 1764 - 1772.
Appendix III
大原止郎本東皋琴譜 Dayuan Zhilang ben Donggao Qinpu (Ohara Shiro's Toko Kinpu; 1898)
No further information as yet on Ohara Shiro
Footnotes (Shorthand references are explained on a
separate page)
1
琴曲集成 Qin Qu Jicheng (QQJC), Volume XII, pp.163 - 279.
2
The original commentary, by 查阜西 Zha Fuxi, was edited for publication in 1994 by 吳鉊 Wu Zhao. See QQJC, Volume 12, pp. II and III. For more on Zha Fuxi see details of his Guqin Work.
3
Van Gulik, Lore, pp. 217 - 249; this comment p.226.
4
The other six are
Nanxun Cao (or Nanfeng Ge),
Canglang Ge,
Ming Feng Chaoyang,
Shi Jiao Jin,
Ji Yinzhe and
Yi Lan Cao. In addition to these, two have lyrics but not music: Ye Zuo and Zhou Ye; one, Caoman Yin, has only music, but lyrics are published elsewhere.
5
桂川月池 Katsuragawa Etchi [1751 - 1809], a doctor of Chinese medicine, was also a qin player. See Van Gulik, Lore, p.239.
6
In four places: QQJC, XII, pp. 163, 186, 201 and 216.
7
"訂正、校正"; it is not clear whether the revisions were to the melodies, to the lyrics, or to both.
8
A preliminary investigation suggests they are still in a Chinese style.
9 folios, 44 melodies; in the 上野圖書館 Ueno Museum;
3 folios, 46 melodies
33 melodies
Includes four songs seldom seen elsewhere, 春野 Chun Ye，富士 Fu Shi，山里 Shan Li and 山櫻 Shan Ying
33 melodies; in the 東京大學圖書館 Tokyo University Library
14 melodies (? should be 15)
15 melodies
-------------------------------------------------------
Qinqu Jicheng (QQJC), Vol. XII, pp. 163 - 237
Lang Tao Sha
You Jian Quan
Zui Weng Cao
Caotang Yin (first four of ten sections)
Chang Xiang Si
Le Ji Yin
Fei Qiong Yin
Mei Hua
Table of Contents for Hewen Zhuyin Qinpu
Lyrics ("得道仙翁....") unattributed; related to Chinese versions also called Caoman Yin
Lyrics: "鵲橋成了，猶限歡娛少.... Magpie Bridge....") by 風月主人 (44734.30xxx) 孫蒼虯 Sun Cangqiu (? 7135.xxx; 32425.61xxx);
"東皋懶衲諧音 Toko the Lazy Monk Matched the Sounds" (with the words?);
18003.58 Qing Ping Yue, name of a 詞牌 cipai with 46 characters (as here; 4,5;7,6.6,6;6,6.)
Guide 34/--/501: four melodies, three different sets of lyrics, no two applied (like cipai) to the same melody
Japan,
1677 (XII, 355),
1677 (XII, 378, 388),
1738 (?),
1802 (XVII, 542)
Lyrics ("把酒祝東風....") by 歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu (cipai: [5,4;7;7,4.] x 2);
32/--/471: 1618 (VIII, 336 [1-string qin]) and Japan (same lyrics, different music)
Lyrics ("殘臘收寒...."), by 胡浩然
Hu Haoran; only here
14827.323 name of 詞牌 cipai. The structure here is:
5,3,5;4,5;6,7;3,4,4.
Lyrics (天地之道....) from 中庸 Doctrine of the Mean, Chapter 26 (Legge, Confucius, Dover, p.420)
Only here: unrelated to 1559
Lyrics (大哉聖人之道....) are 中庸 Doctrine of the Mean, Chapter 27 (Legge, Confucius, Dover, p.422)
Only here
Lyrics (秋風起兮白雲飛....), attributed to 漢武帝 Han emperor Wudi (辭 not 詞)
See YFSJ p.1180 and
below; "聖湖野樵訂 Edited by Seiko ...."(?)
Lyrics by 陶淵明 Tao Yuanming; similar to the
Chinese versions,
especially the one in
Taigu Zhengyin Qinpu (ca.1611; VII/443)
Lyrics (長安一片月....) by 李青蓮 i.e., 李白 Li Bai.
Only here
Lyrics (拂彼白石....) by Li Bai, are also in his
Qin Shi Bu bio (see comment)
They are also in
1739 (IV/9) but the music is unrelated
Lyrics (別來幾春未還家....) by Li Bai; same as Jiu Libie below
Only in Japan (Guide: 35/--/504; 122.23 jiu bie: long separated)
Lyrics (琅然清園....) by Su Dongpo; same as below
Music is different from the Chinese versions, e.g.,
Zui Weng Yin
Lyrics (有情風....) by Su Dongpo; only here
Cipai (環滁皆山也，望蔚然深秀....): 黃山谷 Huang Shan'gu (i.e.,
Huang Tingjian)
They retell Ouyang Xiu's 醉翁亭記 Record of the Old Toper's Pavilion.
Only here
Lyrics (香冷金猊....) by 李易南, i.e., 李清照 Li Qingzhao (1084 - ca.1151) about her absent lover follow a cipai
Melody only here (subtitle: 離別 Li Bie), but lyrics same as in
Gui Yuan Cao
Lyrics: first section (蜀錦塵香....) by 賀東山 He Dongshan (He Zhu 賀鑄 1052 - 1125; ICTCL; from 豔聲歌 [太平時七首]);
second (長記滿湘....) by 辛棄疾
Xin Qiji
Only here (35/--/505)
Lyrics (蘋葉軟杏花明....) are verse 2 of a cipai called 春光好 （一名愁倚欄令） Chun Guang Hao
和凝 He Ning (3600.308; 10th c); 48157.42 (only 鶴沖天); only here
2798.371 Nanpu only (place name; south bank; cipai name, but no yue); (賏/鳥踏花翻....Ying....)
By 何籀 He Zhou (Bio/xxx; Song dynasty); only here
Lyrics (瓦溝如粉疊樓腰....) by 林和靖, i.e., 林逋
Lin Bu; 24/203/506:
Only here: 1559 is unrelated (no lyrics)
飛瓊 Flying red pebbles: not 44974.336 name of a female immortal at the time of Han Wudi
Lyrics (眾芳搖落....), by 林和靖, i.e., 林逋
Lin Bu, are appropriate to
Mei Shao Yue
Only here
Lyrics (閑來無事不從容....) by "程明道 Cheng Mingdao" (程顥 Cheng Hao; 1032 - 85; Bio/2313)
35/--/507 ("即程頤詩 actually a poem by [his brother] Cheng Yi"; Bio/2312; they lived in 洛陽 Loyang, Henan); only here
Lyrics (越水吳山，待扁舟久....) are attrib. "鄒許士 Zou Xushi" Þ 鄒訏士 Zou Xushi, i.e., 鄒祇謨 Zou Qi/Zhimo
(Bio/1117: degree in 1658; from Jiangnan; see also #23, 24, 26)
Comment: 送蔣馭庶遊建溪 Seeing Jiang Yushu off to Jianxi. Was Yushu (45554.xxx) a nickname for Jiang Xingchou?
離別難 43079.43 name of a 詞牌 cipai; 9786.104 Jianxi: in Fujian; only in Japan
Lyrics as above (same cipai); also has same comment as above, now written 鄒訏士 Zou Xushi
Only in Japan
Lyrics (重重珠幙護窗紗....) by 鄒訏士 Zou Xushi (see also #22, #23 and #26)
(compare 華胥引 Huaxu Yin?)
31910.208 only Hua Qing (man's name); only in Japan
Lyrics (歲七月，火伏而金生....) by 唐，沈佺期 Shen Quanqi (c.650-713)
Only in Japan; music not related to the
Pili Yin of
Feng Lei Yin; lyrics are in YFSJ
Lyrics (小窗煙雨冥冥....) by 鄒訏士 Zou Xushi (see #22, #23 and #24 above)
14658.231 cipai; subtitle: 秋夜聞蟋蟀聲 On an autumn evening hearing cricket sounds
Zha Guide 35/--/508; only here
Lyrics (萋萋芳草憶王孫....) by 秦少游 Qin Shaoyou (秦觀 Qin Guan, 1049 - 1100; ICTCL/2)
11558.1: cipai (no subtitle); 7,7,7.3,7. [here the last 7 is repeated]); only here
Lyrics (輕暖破寒，擔雲閣雨....); Zha Guide 35/--/509: only here; 31629.173 etc. xxx
Lyrics are same as first four sections of 梨雲春思
Li Yun Chun Si
At front: "曲肱軒藏譜，凡四闋" (Tablature from the Qugong Xuan [14610.93: room name of 宋，魏衍 Wei Yan])
At end: "聖湖野樵手挍" (Corrected by Seiko ____)
Lyrics (紅滿枝，綠滿枝....) by 馮延巳 Feng Yansi (903? - 960) follow the
cipai
Zha Guide 35/--/510; as with Qing Ping Yue, same lyrics as but different music from:
1677 (XII, 364),
1677 (XII, 380) and
1802 (XVII, 545);
it is not in 1738 (?)
No connection to Yue Fu lyrics; same lyrics and music as in 1618; compare 1585
Lyrics are from a ghost story about Su Shi and a female qin player
Lyrics (非商非羽聲吾伊....) unattributed
(28424.104 竹枝詞 references 劉禹錫 Liu Yuxi, but no mention of a 詞牌 or these lyrics)
Only in Japan
Lyrics (嫌小人而踏高位....) unattributed; only in Japan
Lyrics (箕之山兮，可耕而樵....) unattributed; compare under
Dun Shi Cao; only here
Lyrics (熙熙日永熙扶桑，君聖臣仙來萬方....) unattributed;
At front: 扶桑操(之一) Fusang Cao #1 (Fusang is an old name for Japan; comment suggests that this [and next] are from Japan)
Only in Japan
Lyrics (白雲不共海東齊....) unattributed; only in Japan
Lyrics (功名大小,天巳安排了....) "by a person of the Song dynasty"
7221.314 only an pai; only here
Lyrics (漁翁漁翁漁翁夜傍....) by Liu Zongyuan; same lyrics as
Yu Ge Diao bu melody quite different
Lyrics (懸崔削壁....) unattributed; melody and lyrics similar to some
Chinese versions,
especially the one with lyrics in Chongxiu Zhenchuan Qinpu (1585)
-------------------------------------------------------
Qinqu Jicheng (QQJC), Vol. XII, pp. 239 - 253
Table of Contents
Lyrics unattributed; same as Tiaoxian Runong
Lyrics by 歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu; also in 1676
Lyrics (滄浪之水清兮....) by Qu Yuan; Zha Guide 39/--/552; no musical relation to Fan Canglang
Also included below
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
See also 1676 above
Lyrics (無媒徑路竹....) by 杜牧 Du Mu; also below
Zha Guide 40/--/553
Lyrics (南風之熏兮....: same as Nanxun Cao below) are in the musically unrelated Nan Feng Ge (1.B.)
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics: only the four lines of Wang Wei's poem, thus a shorter version of
the Yangguan Sandie below
-------------------------------------------------------
Qinqu Jicheng (QQJC), Vol. XII, pp. 255 - 279
Table of Contents
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics by 馮延已 Feng Yanyi (not in YFSJ 69, pp.990-5);
also in 1676
Lyrics; same as Nanfeng Ge
Lyrics; also in 1772
Lyrics by Lin Bu;
also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Same as 1676 and 1772
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics (丹鳳五色羽，其名為鳳凰....) unattributed (101.237xxx?)
47641.102xxx; only here; not in Zha Guide; not related to
1549
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; same as Jiu Bieli in 1676
Lyrics by 歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu; also in 1676
Lyrics (相逢此地....); not in Zha Guide; only here
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1772
Lyrics by 孫蒼虯 Sun Cangqiu (? 7135.xxx); also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676 (2)
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; also in 1676
Lyrics; related to Yu Qiao WendaChinese editions
Lyrics; related to the short Chinese version
Lyrics (習習谷風....); only here: seems unlike Chinese versions
Lyrics; also in 1676
Only lyrics, no music
Only lyrics, no music
No lyrics, only music, but lyrics should be as in #1 above
-------------------------------------------------------
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